THE PARTICULAR ANTHROPOLOGICAL CASE OF THE “ILLEGAL HOUSES” OF GREECE

Nikolaos YOYAS

Architect NTUA, Msc Environmental Design, Urban Planning PHD Candidate

01@yio.gr

Abstract

Classical polis was born when a collectivity showed more interest in the truth of things, rather than their use, when cohabitation ceased to be the community of needs, where desirable is the fulfillment of basic human needs, material or otherwise and took place the transition to the community of truth. The last cultural remains of this way of thinking and acting survived until very recently, with the foundation of the modern Greek state in 1830 and vanished once and for all, slowly, but steadily, after 1974, with the entrance n the European Economic Community and, finally, the Eurozone, transforming and adjusting the contemporary Greek city to the western globalized standards. In this text we will examine the “wise” illegal houses, creations of social space, of polis of the refugee settlements of 1922 and the expansions of the, initially, planned Greek city centers, which transformed slowly, but steadily into pure speculation and greed for profit. This mutation was established with the replacement of the “customary law” and what is widely called “tradition” in constructions, with the rigid Building Regulations. This transition was crucial and it was the outcome of a much greater mutation; the anthropological transformation of the Greek people, its “modernization” and its contemporary, absolute alignment with the western European standards, which have taken over every aspect of human activity, including official urban planning, but, also, unofficial, so-called illegal constructions.

Keywords: Illegal constructions, urban planning, anthropology, western civilization
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FACTORS INFLUENCING ON PARTICIPATION TO AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN ARMENIA

Lilit GYULGYULYAN

Assistant Professor, Chair of Management, Armenian State University of Economics, Yerevan, Armenia

lilit.gyulgyulyan@gmail.com

(corresponding author)

Ihtiyor BOBOJONOV

Dr., Research Associate, Department of Agricultural Markets, Marketing and World Agricultural Trade, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany

bobojonov@iamo.de

Abstract

The creation of agricultural cooperatives has become one of the major priorities in the sector of agriculture in Armenia. Being a post-Soviet country, Armenia greatly depends on agriculture. According to the data of National Statistical Service of Armenia 20.5 percent of Armenian GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is generated from the agricultural sector of the economy, and hence it is one of the priorities of development of Armenian economy (Armstat, 2016). Nowadays people leaving in rural municipalities of Armenia do not have necessary funding to acquire consumer services, such as housing, education, social benefits, telecommunication, credit, and other financial services (Movsisyan, 2013). In this context, agricultural cooperatives, as a major component of the food and agriculture industry, can help them to market their products and enable them to supply at competitive price levels. The continuous creation of agricultural cooperatives in rural communities is distinguished among priorities of the government. So, one of the main goals of government in this sector must be the enhancing of participation of households to agricultural cooperatives. This paper examines the main factors that influence participation of households to cooperatives. It finds out that there is a need to enhance people’s awareness about the benefits of agricultural cooperatives. The paper also examines the impact of agricultural cooperatives on household’s income and welfare.

Keywords: agricultural cooperative, cooperative movement, voluntary association, cooperative participation, cooperative identity

JEL classification: M10, O20, Q13, P32
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LONG RUN RELATIONSHIPS AND SHORT RUN DYNAMICS AMONG UNEMPLOYMENT AND DEMAND COMPONENTS: A STUDY ON SRI LANKA, INDIA AND BANGLADESH

Ramesh CHANDRA DAS

Associate Professor of Economics, Katwa College, WB, India

ramesh051073@gmail.com

Kamal RAY

(Retd), Associate Professor of Economics, Katwa College, WB, India

kamal420ray@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Unemployment of an economy should have some associations with its aggregate demand components. With time series data for 1996-2015 on three aggregate demand components, namely, consumption expenditure (CON), capital formation (GCF) and public spending (GOV), we did econometric exercises such as cointegration, VECM and Wald test to test whether there are long run equilibrium relationships among unemployment (UN) and the three demand components and directions of their interplays in long run and short run frameworks. Doing appropriate diagnostic checking for the residuals of all the estimations, the results show that all the four series are cointegrated that justifies long run associationships among them. Further, the long run causality analysis through VECM reveals that UN, CON and GCF make a cause to GOV for Sri Lanka.  For India, UN is caused by all three components of aggregate demand and its CON is caused by UN, GCF and GOV. Bangladesh does not produce any such long run causal relationships among the variables. Further for short run causality results, CON is caused by UN, GCF and GOV in Sri Lanka and India, and for Bangladesh and India, there are short run causalities running from CON, GCF and GOV to unemployment. This means, aggregate demand components in India and Bangladesh influence the unemployment rates of these two countries

Keywords: Unemployment, aggregate consumption, government expenses, gross capital formation, cointegration, VECM, Wald test

JEL classification: J64, E21, E22, E24, H5, C32
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