POTENTIAL OF EARNINGS IN NETWORK MARKETING AND SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMISSIONS RATES: EVIDENCE FROM BULGARIA

Valentina G. MAKNI
Assistant Professor, Department of International Economic Relations, Faculty of Management, University of Economics – Varna, Bulgaria
valentina.makni@ue-varna.bg

Abstract

During the last two decades direct selling and its new form known as network marketing (multilevel marketing) illustrate constant growth at a global scale, despite the world economic crisis. According to WFDSA global retail sales in the industry are at amount of 166 billion USD, achieved through 90 million independent salespersons in 2012. In terms of high unemployment and financial instability network marketing deals increasingly as a tool for generating income and employment in the societies. From the 1990s this alternative business model rapidly entered in the lives of people in Central and East European Countries in order to improve their living standards. Direct selling has experienced steady growth in Bulgaria in the last 5 years as the biggest channel of non-store based retailing. The aim of this paper is to provide some evidence for the potential of network marketing in Bulgaria and to explore which factors influence the commission earnings. For this purpose correlation analysis has been used to prove statistical dependencies taking into account the derived L-distribution of representative’s income. In socio-demographic features of Bulgarian, direct sellers have been observed whereat descriptive statistics has been conducted.

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DISTRIBUTION ABOUT REGIONAL DISPARITIES OF THE US LABOR MARKET: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC AGGLOMERATION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Tsunetada HIROBE
Department of Economics, Meikai University, 1 Akemi, Urayasu, Chiba 279-8550, Japan
tsune@meikai.ac.jp

Abstract

The paper analyzes the regional disparities brought by each employment status concerning the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and over especially focusing on the regional agglomeration. Specifically, it investigates the characteristics of spatial autocorrelations or geographical clusters based on the statistics of the regional specialization. Thus it definitely investigates the degree of agglomeration based on each specialization state, not the original data from the statistics of each labor category such as the number of the unemployed persons or the simple unemployment rates. The method is based on the share and rate calculations which would be almost equivalent to the well-known Location Quotient technique. With respect to the geographical agglomeration, some interesting regional characteristics of the working population have been found by mainly an exploratory way. From some results, several states such as North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska indicate specific regional features which are very different from the other states, and those features often have a surprisingly persistent trend. Usually the influence of the significant socioeconomic shocks is exchanged or is absorbed in some specifically related regions. Then it spreads around and disperses to further distant areas during a sufficient amount of time, and finally its geographical distribution map is properly modified or changed. In addition, some results suggest the significant relationship between the geographical clustering process and the equilibrium or disequilibrium phenomenon based on the regional specialization of the labor force; it also suggests an important relevance to the existing economic theories.

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RSI December 2014 Volume VI Number 2

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